Vine shoot-derived hard carbons as promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries: valorization of pig manure as HTC solvent

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are one of the most promising candidates to replace lithium-ion (LIBs) in grid-scale energy storage applications. The design high-performance anodes and fully understanding sodium mechanisms main bottleneck overcome. Herein, a vine shoot-based hard carbon anode was synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization followed by pyrolysis step (800 1200 °C). In addition water, pig manure diluted hydrochloric acid were tested as reaction media.